O presente estudo objetivou conhecer os padrões da composição florística e estrutural do componente arbóreo de um trecho de remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana em Campos Novos - SC e determinar as variáveis ambientais que influenciam estes padrões. Para isso, foi amostrado 1 ha de floresta por meio de 50 parcelas de 10 × 20 m dispostas de forma sistemática, distanciada 30 m entre si, no remanescente florestal. Dentro das parcelas foram identificados e mensurados (circunferência medida a altura do peito, CAP, e altura total) CAP, e altura total) todos os indivíduos arbóreos vivos com CAP ≥ 15,7 cm. Os dados ambientais relacionados às propriedades químicas e físicas dos solos e à topografia também foram coletados em cada parcela. Foram calculados o índice de Shannon-Wiener (H'), a equabilidade de Pielou (J') e os estimadores fitossociológicos. A organização florístico-estrutural do fragmento foi analisada por meio de uma NMDS (Nonmetric multidimensional scalling). As variáveis ambientais foram ajustadas a posteriori à ordenação produzida, sendo aquelas significativas (p < 0,05) plotadas na forma de vetores. Foram amostrados 1.027 indivíduos, que totalizaram uma área basal de 43,57 m2, distribuídos em 88 espécies e 41 famílias botânicas. A diversidade do remanescente estudado foi relativamente alta (H'=3,59) e a dominância baixa (J'=0,80). A espécie de maior VI foi Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (14,44%). A análise multivariada NMDS indicou um gradiente florístico-estrutural relacionado à cota média (altitude), saturação de bases, pH e teores de P nos solos.

In order to identify the floristic and structure patterns of the tree component and to determine the environmental variables that influence these patterns in a sector of montane Araucaria Forest remnant, 50 plots of 10 × 20 m were allocated, using systematic sampling, 30m apart from each other, in Campos Novos, SC. Within the plots, all living trees with cbh (circumference at breast height) ≥ 15,7 cm were identified and measured (cbh and total height). Environmental data related to chemical and physical properties of soils and topography were also collected from each sampled plot. To describe the tree vegetation richness, diversity and structure, the Shannon-Wiener index (H'), the Pielou evenness index (J') and the phytosociological estimates were obtained. The floristic and structural organization of the fragment was analyzed through a NMDS (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling). The environmental variables were fitted a posteriori in the produced ordination, being those significant (p < 0.05) plotted as vectors. A total 1.027 individuals were sampled, which represented a basal area of 43.57 m2, distributed in 88 species and 41 families. The diversity of the fragment studied was relatively high (H'=3.59) with low dominance (J'=0.80). The specie with higher VI was Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (14.44%). The NMDS indicated a floristic-structural gradient related to the mean elevation (altitude), soil base saturation, soil pH and P soil content.

ABSTRACT Intensive land use can affect macrofaunal biodiversity, which is a property that can be used as a soil quality indicator. This study evaluated the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and its relation to soil chemical and physical properties in five land use systems (LUS) in the eastern region of Santa Catarina. The following LUS were studied: native forest (NF), eucalyptus plantations (EP), perennial pasture (PP), integrated crop-livestock (ICL), and no-tillage cropping (NT). The macrofauna was quantified in 0.25 × 0.25 m monoliths and sampled in the 0.00-0.20 m layer in the summer (Jan/2012) and winter (Jul/2012). For each LUS, nine points were sampled, distributed in a 30 × 30 m sampling grid. After screening the edaphic macrofauna organisms, the individuals were counted and identified at the species level when possible, or in major taxonomic groups. The Shannon diversity indices were calculated and the macrofaunal groups together with the physical and chemical properties were subjected to principal component (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA). The abundance and diversity of macrofaunal groups are affected by the LUS. The properties of organic matter, macroporosity, bulk density, cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0, base saturation, potential acidity, and exchangeable Al were related to the abundance of soil macrofaunal groups. The stability and biodiversity of soil macrofauna were highest in the LUS of NF, PP, and EP.

RESUMO A Floresta Ombrófila Mista Alto-Montana é uma formação pouco estudada que ocorre em altitudes acima de 1.000 m. Os objetivos deste estudo foram conhecer os padrões florísticos e estruturais do componente arbóreo de um fragmento desta floresta na região do Planalto Sul Catarinense e determinar as variáveis ambientais que influenciam esses padrões. O levantamento da composição florística e estrutural e a coleta das variáveis ambientais foram conduzidos em 50 parcelas de 200 m2. Nelas, todos os indivíduos arbóreos com CAP (circunferência medida a altura do peito) ≥ 15,7 cm foram medidos (CAP e altura) e identificados. Foram coletadas, em cada parcela, variáveis ambientais relacionadas às características químicas e físicas dos solos, topográficas e de cobertura do dossel. Foram calculados os parâmetros fitossociológicos e a estrutura diamétrica da comunidade e das populações com valor de importância (VI) acima de 5 %. A similaridade florístico-estrutural entre as parcelas foi analisada pela NMDS (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling) e os vetores das variáveis ambientais significativas (p < 0,05) foram plotados a posteriori. Foram identificadas 50 espécies arbóreas distribuídas em 33 gêneros e 20 famílias botânicas. As espécies com maior VI foram: Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (17,32 %), Myrceugenia euosma (O.Berg) D.Legrand (15,24 %) e Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret (7,84 %). A estrutura diamétrica de toda a comunidade e das populações estudadas (exceto Dicksonia sellowiana Hook.) teve distribuição próxima ao "J invertido". A análise NMDS demonstrou maior porcentagem de argila nas parcelas com maior densidade de Araucaria angustifolia e menor porcentagem, nas parcelas com maior densidade de Dicksonia sellowiana, Inga lentiscifolia Benth. e Ocotea pulchella Mart. As parcelas de maior declividade tiveram maior densidade de Drimys brasiliensis Miers e aquelas de menor declividade, maior cota e maior cobertura do dossel, tiveram maior ocorrência de Drimys angustifolia Miers, Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb., Calyptranthes concinna DC. e Myrceugenia oxysepala (Burret) D.Legrand & Kausel.

ABSTRACT The highland Araucaria Forest is a little-studied forest formation, occurring in altitudes above 1,000 m. The objectives of this study were to understand the structural and floristic patterns of the tree component of a remaining of this forest in the southern plateau region of Santa Catarina State and to determine the environmental variables that influence these patterns. The tree component survey and the environmental data collection were conducted in 50 plots of 200 m2. Within these plots, all living trees with circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 15,7 cm were measured (CBH and height) and identified. In each plot, environmental variables related to soils physical and chemical traits, topography and canopy cover were collected. Phytosociological parameters and the diameter structure (whole tree community and tree populations with the importance value above 5 %) were calculated. The floristic-structural similarities among plots were analyzed by NMDS (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling) and vectors of environmental variables (p < 0.05) were plotted a posteriori. A total of 50 tree species were identified, distributed in 33 genera and 20 families. The species with the highest VI were Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (17.32 %), Myrceugenia euosma (O. Berg) D. Legrand (15.24 %) and Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret (7.84 % ). The diameter structure of the whole community and of the study populations (except Dicksonia sellowiana Hook.) showed a distribution close to the "inverted J". The NMDS analysis showed a higher percentage of clay in the plots with the highest density of Acca sellowiana and lowest percentage in the plots with high density of Dicksonia sellowiana, Inga lentiscifolia Benth. and Ocotea pulchella Mart. Plots with higher declivity had a higher density of Drimys brasiliensis Miers and those of lower declivity, higher elevation and greater canopy closure, had a higher occurrence of Drimys angustifolia Miers, Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb, Calyptranthes concinna DC. and Myrceugenia oxysepala (Burret) D. Legrand & Kausel.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a composição florística e a estrutura do componente arbóreo de um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana e avaliar a influência de variáveis ambientais sobre os padrões encontrados. A área de estudo situa-se no município de Lages, SC, às margens do Rio Caveiras (27°51'19.20"S e 50°10'33,39"W). O levantamento da vegetação e das variáveis ambientais (características químicas e físicas dos solos, relevo e cobertura do dossel) foi realizado em 50 parcelas permanentes de 20x10 m, alocadas de forma sistemática estratificada no fragmento. Todas as árvores vivas com circunferência ≥ 15,7 cm (medidas a 1,30 m do solo - CAP) foram mensuradas (CAP e altura) e identificadas. Foi calculado o valor de importância (VI) das espécies encontradas, realizada a ordenação das parcelas em função da abundância das espécies, por meio da analise de NMDS (Nonmetric multidimensional scalling) e plotadas a posteriori as variáveis ambientais significativas no diagrama de ordenação. Foram amostrados 1.843 indivíduos, que totalizaram uma área basal de 36,45 m2/ha, distribuídos em 37 famílias botânicas, 63 gêneros e 92 espécies. As três espécies com os maiores valores de VI foram Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Lithraea brasiliensis Marchand e Jacaranda puberula Cham. As variáveis que apresentaram maior correlação com a estrutura e a composição florística do componente arbóreo foram o pH, o desnível máximo da parcela e o teor de Mg.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the floristic composition and structure of the tree component of a montane Araucaria Forest fragment and to assess the influence of environmental variables on the patterns observed. The study area was located in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina state, close to the margin of the Caveiras River. The vegetation and the environmental variables (physical and chemical soils characteristics, relief and canopy cover) were surveyed within 50, 20 x 10m, permanent plots allocated systematically stratified in the forest fragment. All trees with circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 15,7 cm were measured (CBH and height) and identified. The importance values (IV) of the found species were calculated, the plots and species were ordinated by an analysis of NMDS (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling), according to the abundance of species, and the significant environmental variables plotted "a posteriori" in the ordination diagram. One thousand, eight hundred and forty-three (1,843) individuals were sampled, which added up to a total basal area of 36.45 m2, distributed in 37 botanical families, 63 genera and 92 species. The three species with the highest values of VI were Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Lithraea brasiliensis Marchand and Jacaranda puberula Cham. The variables that showed the higher correlation with the tree component structure and floristic composition were the pH, the plot highest declivity and the Mg content.

The present study examined the floristic composition of three fragments of Araucaria Forest (AF) in the Planalto Catarinense region of southern Brazil as well as the floristic contextualization of these areas in relation to other remnant AF sites. Three AF fragments at different altitudes were analyzed in the municipalities of Campos Novos, Lages, and Painel. Fifty 200 m² plots were examined in each fragment and all of the trees with CBH (circumference at breast height) > 15.7 cm were identified. In order to floristically contextualize the study fragments, comparisons were made with other remnant AF sites by way of dendrograms and NMDS (Non-metric multidimensional scaling). Environmental and spatial variables were plotted on the diagram produced by the NMDS to evaluate their influence on the floristic patterns encountered. The forest fragments studied demonstrated high floristic heterogeneity, indicating that AFs cannot be considered homogeneous formations and they could be classified into 3 phytogeographical categories: i) high altitude areas influenced by cloud cover/fog, including the Painel region; ii) areas of lesser altitude and greater mean annual temperatures situated in the Paraná River basin, and iii) areas situated in the Paraná and Upper-Uruguay river basins and the smaller basins draining directly into the southern Atlantic, near Campos Novos and Lages. The environmental variables most highly correlated with species substitutions among the sites were altitude, mean annual temperature, and the mean temperature of the most humid trimester.